Unveiling the Truth: Alexander's Encounters in Ancient India

Although I know that Alexander and his army did not go eastward from Khuzestan and returned from there, I will still review the writings of the Alexander letters regarding Alexander and his army's journey to Gorgan, Khorasan, present-day Afghanistan, Transoxiana (Mawarannahr), Western India (Pakistan), Baluchistan, Kerman, and Fars, to leave no dark or unexamined area.

The Alexander writers, for five years (from 330 to 325 BCE), have unified Alexander and his army with the lands of Gorgan, Khorasan, Transoxiana (Mawarannahr), Herat, Sistan, Rakhj (modern-day Kandahar), Kabul, Balkh, Lahore, Karachi, Baluchistan, and more, to turn the "legend of Alexander" into a historical event.
The Alexander writers and scholars did not believe that one day there would be people in these lands who would catch them in the act and reveal their tricks. The names of the cities in the regions of Gorgan, Khorasan, Transoxiana (Mawarannahr), present-day Afghanistan, Western India, and Baluchistan are ancient names, and most of them are natural names, not named by anyone. For example, let me mention a few of these names:
Astaraabad, which was mistakenly named Gorgan, is composed of two parts: Astara + Abad. Astara means fire or a bright place, like: Khaakastar (meaning ash soil), Shabastar (meaning fire of the night). Astara and Setareh (star) are the same word.
Astara, a Jewish girl whose tomb is said to be in Hamadan, was a star of the harem, and her name is Iranian, not Hebrew. Stern (German), Star (English), and Stella (Italian) are derived from the Iranian Astara or Setareh. Abad is a shortened form of "Ab Bood Aad", meaning it is a place with water. The Sadd-e-Iskander in Gorgan, which is called Sedd-e-Qezel Ala in Turkmen, is a large water canal for the Gorgan plain.
Quchan, Kuchan is the great city of the Kuchis who ruled there for a long time. Ashkabus also came from the Kuch tribe. The Kuchis migrated from here to the Kuch plain in eastern Afghanistan and Baluchistan. In Iranian Baluchistan, Kuch is synonymous with Baluch.
Ebrshahr (modern-day Nishapur) was one of the three major cities of Greater Khorasan (the other two were Herat and Merv). Ebr is the same as the German word Uber and the English word Over, indicating that it is a very ancient word, possibly representing a major city of ancient times.
Tus means a warm place (Teh = warm + Os = place) and is a very ancient name. Teh = Tef = To = Tab = Tabe means warm, as in Tâbestân (summer), Tab (fever), and so on. Os means a stony place.
Sanabad (modern-day Mashhad) is composed of Sine (meaning Hawk) + Abad (meaning settlement). Sine is a very ancient word that also appears in other place names, such as: Sanandaj (Sine = Hawk + Dej = Fortress), meaning Hawk Fortress. Sahneh = Sine, Sink, Farsink, Sa'in-Qaleh (Sa'in = Sine = Hawk + Qaleh which became Arabic as Kalleh) means Hawk Fortress and others.
Zabol, composed of three parts: Zah (a narrow line) + Ab (water) + Bal (abundant). Zabol means Zah (narrow line) of abundant water.
Kabul is made up of three parts: Kuh (mountain) + Ab (water) + Bal (abundant). Kabul means Mountain with abundant water.
Markand (Mar = Serpent + Kand, derived from the root Kandan, meaning digging). It is a small village in the Qareh Ziya al-Din section of northwestern Azerbaijan. The word Mar is more common in Azerbaijan place names, such as: Maragheh (Mar = Medes + Ragheh = garden on a mountain slope), Marand (Mar = Medes + And = low), Marivan (Mar = Medes + Iwan = a type of structure). So this name should be in Azerbaijan, not in Transoxiana (Mawarannahr).
Kand comes from the root word Kandan. After the arrival of the Aryans to the Iranian plateau, they used to dig the earth and live there, as they did in ancient times. Over time, Kand became the name of towns and villages, like: Samar Kand (Samarkand), Kho Kand (Khukand), Tashkend. The words Kandak (ditch), Kandeh (small trench), Khand (house) are derived from Kandan.
The Scythians of Iran – I show the locations of the Scythians and the Scythian people in four places in modern Iran: one in Sistan, which is a shortened form of Sikstan or Skistan. Rostam Zaboli was one of the Scythians of Sistan. The second location is Sangsar or Seksar, which has been mispronounced as "Sag Sar" and translated as Ras al-Kab. To avoid reading it as Sk, they added an "n" and called it Sangsar.
The Sogund clan in Lorestan are Skvand or Scythians. The fourth place is in the large settlement of Sakzi in the Kuhpayeh region of Esfahan, on the way to Nayin. Additionally, in Khoyin, a large village 60 km southwest of Zanjan, people of Dailami and Sistani descent live. Their language is an ancient Iranian mix of Dailami and Sistani. Near Khoyin, an underground passage has been dug that dates back to ancient times. It is believed to be a fire temple post where the ancestors of the Khoyini people were stationed to protect Dailam and Sistan. In the Qazvin plain, there is also a place called Segzabad.
Ardakan: In modern-day Iran, there are two places named Ardakan: one in the northwestern part of Shiraz, on the road from Shiraz to Khuzestan and the way from Behbahan to Ramgerd, where Alexander and his army camped near the resistance of the people of Khuzestan; and another Ardakan in northwestern Yazd, on the road from Nayin to Yazd.
Mamasani, which should be the same as the "Mamsan" of the Alexander letters. One of the valiant tribes of the people of Khuzestan are the Mamasani. Mamsan or Mamsan means the great of the greats (Mah = great + Maseen = great ones). Mas means great, as in Mister (greater) and is similar to the word Mahtir in soldier houses, meaning a superior. In German, Meister = teacher, in English Master, in Italian Maestro = teacher, and in French, Maitre has the same meaning. The word also has an accent (´) in French to indicate the dropping of the "S".
Khoryan is a village located in the southwest of Shahrud and an agricultural region in the southeast of Semnan, known primarily for its oil reserves, which fell under Russian control. According to the Alexander historians, they report that Alexander was in the vicinity of Damghan in July 330 BC, near the body of Darius III, and then took him to the city of "100 Gates" before heading to Gorgan. The location of the city of "100 Gates" has been identified in the southwest of Damghan. During the construction of the Khorasan Railway in the years 1317–18, railway engineers extensively searched for the mythical city of 100 Gates mentioned by the Alexander historians, but found no trace of it. No such place existed near Damghan, and it was a creation of the Alexander historians.
The Alexander historians claim that after Alexander had settled matters in Sistan, he moved towards "Arya Sep" and then directed him towards Arachosiens (Rakhj?) and from there to Parapamisad, which was said to be a wild land covered in thick snow and ice, with no beasts, birds, or any form of life. The Alexander historians provided the following geographical details for "Parapamisad": from the north, it bordered a frozen land, from the west, it connected to Bactria (Balkh), and to the south, it met the Indian Sea. This name and description indicate that the Alexander historians had little knowledge of the Eastern mountains of Kurdistan and Bakhtiari, as such a place, located along the route from Rakhj (modern-day Kandahar) to Balkh (near Mazar Sharif), doesn't exist.
The Alexander historians took Alexander from this land to Bactria (Balkh) and after conquering Bactria, they sent him to Sogdiana or Soderes. Because "Sogdiana" sounded similar to "Sogd," which was an ancient city between Samarkand and Bukhara, the Alexander historians identified the location as Sogd, but this is incorrect. Sogd was located more than 400 kilometers from Balkh, not along the route described by the historians.
In the history of ancient Iran, Moshir al-Dawlah wrote about Alexander's journey from Balkh to Sogdiana: Alexander and his army set out towards Sogdiana, entering the barren deserts of the country. Although they marched by night, the cry of "thirst" soon rose from the soldiers. They marched for miles without finding a river. The rays of the sun beat down on the hot sands, and the heat reflected back at them, making the situation unbearable. Even though a breeze blew in the early morning and the night brought some dew, by the time the sun rose, the dew evaporated... The soldiers of Alexander had lost their endurance and became hopeless, for they could not rest or continue... Instead of water, they were given wine and oil, which only weakened them. In their despair, two scouts who had gone ahead to find a camp for the army returned with water-filled flasks... After much hardship, they finally reached the "Amu" river and managed to cross it after ten days.

This is a complete fabrication of the Alexander historians because: The ancient city of Balkh is not Bactria, as described by the Alexander historians. Balkh is located six kilometers northwest of Mazar Sharif, beside the Balkh River, and 350 meters above sea level. The Balkh River is one of the tributaries of the "Amu River," and during the spring of 1967, its flood rate was recorded at 1752 cubic meters per second. The length of the Balkh River is around 350 kilometers, flowing past Balkh and into the Amu River. The valley of the Balkh River is rich in water, and there are many settlements along the river, such as Diwali, Khairabad, and Gharcheenk. The ancient city of "Termez" is located on the northern bank of the Amu River, opposite Balkh. This proves that: Bactria is not the ancient city of Balkh. The Oxus River, which the Alexander historians claimed originated in the Caucasus Mountains and flowed into the Caspian Sea, is not the Amu River either. The Amu River, as described by the poet Rudaki, is "like pearls beneath my feet in the sands of Amu." The ancient city of Sogd, which is located in the region of the present-day Uzbekistan between Samarkand and Bukhara, is not the Soderes of the Alexander historians either. The Alexander historians assigned many tasks to Alexander and his army on their journey through Sogd, including battles with the "Branchides" and the conquest of "Merkend." The historians even claim that they traveled 1500 "stadia" (roughly 92.5 kilometers per day) on their way to Merkend. They mistakenly identified Merkend as Samarkand, which is inaccurate, as Merkend is an ancient city in the region of Vararud (Transoxiana). They also report that Alexander conquered the city of "Cyrus" and reached the city of "Mamsan" where the inhabitants resisted bravely, but after defeating them, he moved towards Khujand (now Leninabad). Furthermore, the historians claim that before returning to Bactria, Alexander killed 120,000 Sogdian people during a rebellion. I wonder where they managed to find such a large number of people to kill. The Alexander historians then returned Alexander to Bactria (Balkh?) and sent him to India.
The Alexander historians mention that Alexander spent two years (from the spring of 327 to the spring of 325 BC) fighting in Western India (Punjab). Before moving towards India, Alexander ordered that all of his and his men's chariots filled with loot from the wars be burned. This is puzzling because it’s unclear how Alexander and his army carried chariots over mountainous terrain, across icy lands, and through vast deserts, especially when they crossed major rivers. These stories seem highly improbable and are not believable.
The Alexander historians also claim that Alexander traveled from "Nike" to India. Some historians mistakenly identify Nike as Kabul, but this is wrong. "Nike" is the name of the Greek goddess of victory, not a place. Kabul, on the other hand, is a natural name derived from the combination of the words for "mountain," "water," and "plenty" in ancient languages, and it was already used by the Aryans before Alexander's time.
Two thousand and seventy years after Alexander's mythical campaign to Kabul and then to India, in the winter of 1842, the brave people of this mountainous region utterly destroyed an army of 16,500 English and Hindu soldiers who were well-trained and equipped with modern weaponry. Only a few English soldiers and a handful of Hindus survived and made their way to Jalalabad. It would be fascinating if the Alexander historians could explain how Alexander and his army managed to pass through the ancestors of these brave people and reach India, given their lack of knowledge about the people and land of Afghanistan. Before analyzing Alexander's journey to India, I would like to point out that caravans from Iran to India traveled along four major routes.
The first was the route through Baluchistan, which passed through Western Baluchistan to Eastern Baluchistan and reached Multan, with a railway now constructed along this route. The second was the route through Sistan, following the Helmand River to Kandahar (ancient Rakhj) and from there, passing through the Blan Pass in the southern mountains of Afghanistan to reach Multan. The third route was from Sistan to Kandahar, Ghazni, Kabul, Jalalabad, the Khyber Pass, and Peshawar, which, after crossing the Indus River and Punjab, led to Lahore and Delhi.
Nader Shah, two thousand seventy years after Alexander, invaded India from this route. After preparing for war, he left Naderabad in Kandahar on the third day of the month of Safar, 1151 AH, and after conquering Ghazni, Kabul, and Jalalabad, he covered nearly 700 kilometers in 198 days (3.5 kilometers per day). On the 21st day of the month of Sha'ban, 1151 AH, he reached the Khyber Pass. After crossing the Khyber Pass, he marched towards Peshawar, Lahore, and the Karnaal plain, where he defeated the Indian army on the 9th of Dhu al-Qi'dah, 1151 AH. Nader Shah and his army covered nearly 1,700 kilometers from Kandahar to Delhi in 277 days (approximately 6 kilometers per day).
Comparing Nader Shah's progress with the rapid advances of Alexander's army is unfair because Nader's march took much longer, covering distances 15 times longer than those Alexander's army supposedly traveled. (92.5 kilometers per day on the way to Merkend). The fourth route was from Herat to Kabul, which followed the Herirud River to its sources and from there passed through Kabul and towards India.
Reading about the wars and victories of Alexander and his bloody conquests in India, as described by the Alexander historians, is tedious, akin to the exploits of Amir Arsalan Rumi. I will summarize these accounts here for you to judge for yourself. According to the Alexander historians, Alexander fought and defeated several rulers in India and either killed or made them his subjects.
Abissares, Omphis, Acuphis, Phegee, Aggrammes, Porus, Androcottus, Portican, Assacan, Oxycanus, Assacenus, Sisicottus, Camaxus, Sisicottus, Cleophas, Spithaces, Meroe, Sophites, Moeris, Taxile, Musicanus, Kandrames,
Alexander fought with these peoples in India and either crushed or subdued them:
Abestanes, Prestes, Sabraques, Peresiens, Sambastes, Pharraciens, Adraistes, Sabba, Adrestes, Sibae, Agalasse, Sibes, Arasaques, Sobiens, Aspiens, Sygambre, Candraides, Ambre, Massan, Thyreens, Ossadiens,
Alexander and his army crossed these rivers in India: ,
Acesines, Hydraostes, Alcesines, Hydaspes, Choaspe, Hyphasis, Choes, Hypanis, Cophes, Soastes, Guree,
Alexander and his army captured these lands and cities in India: ,
Andraque, Oxydraques, Aornos, Patala, Arigee, Hyala, Bazire, Cillute, Bezira, Cillustis, Catheens, Psiltucis, Glaucaniques, Patalabeus, Glauses, Pataliens, Gureens, Peucelatide, Harmatelia, Peuclaotis, Hiacense, Pimprama, Malliens, Sabus, Massagues, Sambus, Massaque, Sangala, Mazaga, Silee, Nicee, Sisique, Notaque, Sophites, Nysa, Nyse, Syndoramana,

Western historians believe that these names are ancient Iranian or Hindu.
Scholars from Iran and India believe that these are ancient Greek words.
My research concluded that these are neither Hindu, nor Iranian, nor Greek; ask Iranian, Hindu, and Greek linguists and judge for yourselves.
These names are fabrications of the Alexander narrative writers, who, in their quest to find these names among the ancient geographic names of Iran, Transoxiana (Central Asia), and Punjab, sought to turn the "Legend of Alexander" into historical events.
To further illustrate the historical value of the Alexander narratives, I present some excerpts from the accounts of Alexander’s invasion of India.

Alexander's army beheaded eighty thousand Hindus in the city of Sabus (or Sambus).
The Choaspes River was mistakenly identified by Alexander scholars as the Karkheh River.
Alexander and his army passed another river of the same name in India.
This is impossible unless there was another Karkheh River in India, and that region was part of the southern Khuzestan, since no such river exists in India. Therefore, the "India" that Alexander reached was actually the southern part of Khuzestan.

Acuphis was the oldest representative of the city of Nysa, which has been located between the Cophes and Indus Rivers.
It was written that the god Bacchus (the Greek version of "Bac") built this city.
I mentioned that "Bacchus" is the Greek version of "Bac," and the city of Nysa, which was the center of the Baganian cult during the Parthian period, is today's Nisa, near Ashkabad (Ashkabad).
This is also a sign of the ignorance of the Alexander narrative writers.
Cleophas (one might recall Cleopatra of Egypt) was at Assacan.

Patala, or Hitala, or … which was an island at the mouth of the Indus River, has been confused with the modern Indian city of Patiala.
Patiala is located southeast of Lahore and north of Delhi, more than 1,400 kilometers away from the mouth of the Indus River.
Alexander and his army departed from Nika (Kabul?!!!??) heading toward India.
The Alexander narratives state that from the spring of 327 to August 326 BC (almost a year and a half), they fought wars in India until they reached the mouth of the Indus River.
However, Strabo, a famous Greek geographer, states this period as 10 months (from October 327 to August 326 BC), while Plutarch, another ancient Greek historian, wrote seven months, indicating that these accounts are inconsistent, suggesting myth-making rather than historical accuracy.

Alexander scholars have mistaken the Tanais River for the Syr Darya River.
Just as the Oxus is not the Amu Darya, Tanais is not the Syr Darya, since Alexander did not pass through these regions.
Alexander told his army that if you ask about the end of the world, you should know that we are not far from the Ganges River and the eastern ocean, which connects to the Indian Ocean, the Caspian Sea, and the Persian Gulf, surrounding the entire world (History of Ancient Iran, page 1807).
This shows the limited knowledge of the Alexander narrative writers about the known world of their time.
The Alexander writers claim that the distance between the two arms of the Indus River at its mouth is 1,800 stadia, or 333 kilometers (longer than the distance from Tehran to Rasht). Can this be believed?!? Those who have seen the mouth of the Indus River say no.
Anyone who wants to know the truth should read the geography of Pakistan.
Since Alexander's soldiers had never seen tidal waters, when they arrived at the mouth of the Indus River and encountered high tide, they were frightened.
It is said that the Greeks were known for their naval expertise, so how could they not have known about the ebb and flow of the tides?
The Alexander writers mistook the Khur Musa for the mouth of the Indus River.
At the Shahpour Port (near Khur Musa), the difference between high and low tide has been measured at 1.60 meters.
Alexander mistook the "Aleses" River for the Nile, the great river of Egypt, and was told that the Hydaspes flows into Aleses, and both rivers drain into the Indus, eventually reaching the sea.
Alexander's military campaign in India ended once they reached the mouth of the Indus River.
They stayed in the city of Tapala until the spring of 325 BC, and then departed for Iran.
Since the Alexander narratives state that Alexander and his army arrived at the mouth of the Indus River in August 326 BC, they must have stayed there for at least seven months.

Alexander gathered the Indian representatives and told them: "What I have seized in India includes seven types of people and more than two thousand cities. I give it all to Porus."